Introduction to the Indian Judiciary
The Indian Judiciary is an independent and integrated system responsible for interpreting and enforcing the laws of the land. It plays a pivotal role in upholding the Constitution, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring justice for all citizens. The judiciary is structured hierarchically, with the Supreme Court at the apex, followed by High Courts and subordinate courts.
1. Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority in India. Established under Article 124 of the Constitution, it has original, appellate, and advisory jurisdictions.
- Composition: The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of India and a maximum of 34 judges.
- Functions:
- Guardian of the Constitution.
- Final interpreter of laws.
- Resolves disputes between the Union and States.
- Landmark Role: The Supreme Court has delivered several landmark judgments that have shaped Indian society and governance.
2. High Courts
High Courts are the highest judicial bodies at the state level. Each state or group of states has a High Court.
- Composition: Headed by a Chief Justice and other judges appointed by the President.
- Functions:
- Supervises lower courts within its jurisdiction.
- Ensures the protection of fundamental rights.
- Hears appeals from subordinate courts.
- Example: The Delhi High Court and Bombay High Court are among the most prominent.
3. Lower Courts
Lower courts include District Courts, Sessions Courts, and Magistrate Courts. They handle civil and criminal cases at the grassroots level.
- Functions:
- Adjudicate disputes based on evidence and legal principles.
- Ensure speedy justice delivery.
- Importance: They form the backbone of the judicial system, dealing with the majority of cases.
Recent Landmark Judgments (2025)
1. Judgment on Right to Privacy in the Digital Age
In 2025, the Supreme Court delivered a groundbreaking judgment on the right to privacy in the digital era.
- Case Details: The case involved the government’s use of facial recognition technology for surveillance.
- Verdict: The Court ruled that while technology is essential for security, it must not infringe on citizens’ privacy rights.
- Impact: This judgment led to stricter regulations on data collection and surveillance.
2. Decriminalization of Marital Rape
Another significant judgment in 2025 was the decriminalization of marital rape.
- Case Details: A petition challenged the exception in Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, which exempted marital rape from criminalization.
- Verdict: The Supreme Court declared the exception unconstitutional, affirming that consent is paramount in all relationships.
- Impact: This judgment marked a progressive step towards gender equality and women’s rights.
Constitutional Amendments in 2025
1. Amendment to Article 370
In 2025, a constitutional amendment was introduced to further integrate Jammu and Kashmir into the Indian Union.
- Details: The amendment provided for the establishment of a legislative assembly with enhanced powers.
- Impact: It aimed to ensure greater representation and development in the region.
2. Introduction of the Right to Clean Environment
A new fundamental right, the Right to Clean Environment, was added under Article 21.
- Details: This amendment mandates the government to take proactive measures to combat pollution and climate change.
- Impact: It strengthens environmental protection laws and empowers citizens to hold authorities accountable.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the role of the Supreme Court in India?
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority, responsible for interpreting the Constitution, resolving disputes, and protecting fundamental rights.
2. How are judges appointed in India?
Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the President of India based on recommendations from the Collegium system.
3. What are the recent landmark judgments in 2025?
Some notable judgments include the right to privacy in the digital age and the decriminalization of marital rape.
4. What is the significance of constitutional amendments?
Constitutional amendments reflect the evolving needs of society and ensure that the Constitution remains relevant.
