Environment and Ecology Important Topics for UPSC Prelims 2025
Environment and Ecology is a crucial subject for UPSC aspirants, particularly for the Prelims examination. It covers a wide range of topics, including biodiversity, conservation initiatives, and environmental policies, which are essential for a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
Biodiversity and Conservation
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms, in a given region. Conservation is the sustainable use and management of natural resources to maintain biodiversity and ecological balance. India, being a mega-diverse country, holds significant importance in this domain.
Biodiversity Hotspots in India
Biodiversity hotspots are regions that are rich in endemic species and are under significant threat due to human activities. India is home to four biodiversity hotspots:
- Himalayas: Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region and parts of neighboring countries.
- Indo-Burma: Stretches across northeastern India and parts of Myanmar.
- Western Ghats: Covers Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.
- Sundaland (Nicobar Islands): Includes the Nicobar group of islands.
These hotspots play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and are a priority for conservation efforts.
National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves
India has a robust network of protected areas aimed at conserving biodiversity and wildlife:
- National Parks: Established to protect wildlife and their habitats. Examples include Jim Corbett National Park and Kaziranga National Park.
- Wildlife Sanctuaries: Areas where certain activities are permitted to ensure species protection, such as Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary.
- Biosphere Reserves: Designated under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Program. Examples include Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and Sundarbans.
Conservation Projects
India has initiated several flagship conservation projects to protect its rich biodiversity:
- Project Tiger: Launched in 1973 to ensure the survival of the tiger population.
- Project Elephant: Started in 1992 to protect elephants and their habitats.
- Operation Save Kurma: Aimed at conserving freshwater turtles.
- Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats: Focused on maintaining wildlife corridors and ecosystems.
Endangered Species in India
Endangered species are those at risk of extinction due to habitat loss, poaching, or climate change. Some examples include:
- Fauna: Bengal tiger, Indian rhinoceros, Gharial, and Snow leopard.
- Flora: Rafflesia, Cycas beddomei, and Nepenthes khasiana.
Protected Areas under Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 is a landmark legislation in India, aimed at safeguarding wildlife and habitats. It classifies protected areas into:
- National Parks.
- Wildlife Sanctuaries.
- Conservation Reserves.
- Community Reserves.
International Organizations and Conventions
Several global organizations and conventions are instrumental in environmental conservation:
- IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature): Maintains the Red List of threatened species.
- WWF (World Wildlife Fund): Works on sustainable conservation initiatives.
- CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species): Regulates international trade in endangered species.
- Ramsar Convention: Focuses on the conservation of wetlands of international importance.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. What are biodiversity hotspots, and why are they important?
Biodiversity hotspots are regions rich in species diversity and under threat. They are crucial for maintaining ecological balance and supporting livelihoods.
Q2. How does the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, contribute to conservation?
The act establishes protected areas, regulates hunting, and ensures the preservation of wildlife and their habitats.
Q3. What are some endangered species in India?
Examples include the Bengal tiger, Indian rhinoceros, and Snow leopard in fauna and Cycas beddomei in flora.
Q4. What is the role of international organizations like IUCN and WWF?
These organizations promote global conservation efforts, maintain species databases, and work on sustainable projects.
Q5. How does Project Tiger contribute to wildlife conservation?
Project Tiger focuses on habitat restoration, minimizing human-wildlife conflict, and ensuring a sustainable tiger population.
